Silver diamine fluoride: A stem cell cytotoxicity and dentin growth factor release in-vitro study

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ABSTRACT

Aim

To investigate the effect of 38% SDF and its serial dilutions on the Stem cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth (SHED) and its ability to release growth factors from deciduous dentine.

Methods

The viability of SHED post-exposure to 38%, 3.8%, 0.38%, 0.038%, and 0.0038% SDF were assessed at 2, 5, and 7 days using the CyQuant assay, and results were validated using the MTT assay. The osteogenic differentiation of the cells was also investigated post-exposure to 0.0038% SDF. The release of the growth factors; TGF-β1, FGF-b, BMP-2, and VEGF from deciduous dentin discs exposed to 38% SDF, 0.0038% SDF, Ca(OH)2, MTA, and 17% EDTA were examined using ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using means and standard deviations (p < 0.05). Two-way ANOVA compared the means of more than two groups with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The unpaired t-test was also used to compare the differences between the two data sets.

Results

In the presence of SDF concentrations of 38%, 3.8%, and 0.38%, SHED were not viable, 0.038% SDF reduced the cell viability, and 0.0038% SDF enhanced the cellular proliferation at day 5 of exposure. The growth factors released from deciduous dentin in response to 38% SDF and 0.0038% SDF were not statistically significantly different for TGF-β1, BMP-2, and FGF. While VEGF showed a significantly higher release with 0.0038% SDF.

Conclusion

38% SDF released dentinogenic growth factors from dentin discs, potentially explaining its role in reactionary dentinogenesis. Moreover, 0.0038% SDF resulted in a non-cytotoxic concentration that enhanced cellular proliferation and released bioactive molecules from dentin comparable to the 38% concentration. After further investigations, the 0.0038% dilution of SDF could present itself as a clinical concentration.

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