Investigation of periodontal status in type 1 diabetic adolescents

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ABSTRACT

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of type 1 diabetes and the possible role of metabolic control on
the periodontal status of diabetic adolescents.

Methods

Three groups of 40 patients each were examined: diabetic
subjects with a good metabolic control (well controlled WC) (glycated haemoglobin HbA1c 7) (20 males and 20 females;
mean age: 14.11.5 years); diabetic subjects with poor metabolic control (poorly controlled PC) (glycated haemoglobin
HbA1c> 7) (20 males and 20 females; mean age: 14.5 1.3 years); and patients in good general health, which
constituted the control group (20 males and 20 females; mean age: 14.11.2 years). For each subject, a periodontal evaluation
was performed and the following parameters were assessed: Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on probing (BOP),
Probing Depth (PD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL). Chi-square was used to compare categorical variables. Kruskal-Wallis one-way
ANOVA by ranks was used to compare the quantitative variables (GBI, PD) among the 3 groups. Post-hoc comparison between pairs of
groups was assessed by Wilcoxon's rank sum test, with a downward adjustment of the alpha level to compensate for multiple
comparisons.

Results

The levels of PI in WC subjects (1.9 0.8) and in PC subjects (2.1 0.6) were significantly
higher compared to healthy subjects in the control group (0.8 0.7) (p <0.0001). Similarly, the GI in both PC (1.9 0.8) and WC subjetcs (1.7 0.9) was significantly higher (p <0.05) compared to controls (0.9 0.8). GBI in the PC (60.2 23.6) and the WC (57.4 22.5) groups was significantly higher compared to healthy subjects (35.9 18.7) (p <0.05). The PD parameter was found significantly higher (p <0.05) in the PC group (26.7 12.6) and WC group (23.5 11.3) compared with controls (8.3 6.2). Regarding the CAL, no significant differences were found between the groups (p> 0.05). In addition, the comparisons between groups PC and WC were
not statistically significant (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents affected with type 1 diabetes show a higher level of bacterial
plaque, gingival inflammation with bleeding on probing and probing depth, compared to healthy subjects. There were no significant
changes with regard to the accumulation of plaque and periodontal status among diabetic patients both with good control and with poor
metabolic control.

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